Science, Art, And The Drama.

Science , Art , and the Drama .

LAND AND WATER IN OPPOSITION . The appearance of the coasts of Norfolk and Suffolk prove , not only that Land and Water have been from the earliest times in opposition , but that they are still at war with each other . The sea , sometimes the aggressor , has seized and taken away a portion of that which once belonged to the land ; while the land , as if in retaliation , now oc-upias spjts which were once covered by the sea . There is an apparent on ' . radiction

here ; but it is only apparent , for both classes of phenomena are resultants of one cause . In most instances , where a coast is gradually worn away , this is produced by the action of tides , waves , and currents—sometimes one of these only , sometimes two , or all . The eastern coast of Britain is exposed to a remarkable action in this respect owing to a curious double tide which nrpvails there . At most ports , as we well know , the tide rolls in from the

ocean , and rolls out again after high water ; but on the eastern coast this rolling-in comes from two quarters at once . When the tidal current from the Atlantic reaches the Land ' s End , it divides into two ; one branch proceeds northward , and winds round Scotland into the German Ocean ; while the other travels eastward along the English Channel , and turns up to the north after passing through the Straits of Dover . These two tidal

currents meet ; but the larger course takes the longer time ; and the combined and alternate action of the two produce a peculiar rubbing motion against the coast calculated to wear down cliffs , and to give a smooth outline to the sea-board . There is abundant proof- that portions of Norfolk and Suffolk , once inhabited and flourishing , are now buried beneath the sea . In more

northern portions of our island where the coast is stern and ironbound , the destructive action has exhibited itself in other ways . In ' the Shetlands—composed of hard rock—steep cliffs have been hollowed into caves and arches , passages have been worn through the hardest rock , rugged islands have been formed , and huge masses of stone have b : en torn from their beds and hurled to surprising distances . On the eastern coast of Scotland where there is less rocky cliff , the destruction has come

home more immediately to the handiwork of man . At Fmdhorn , an old town has been carried away ; in Kincardineshire , the village of Mathers was carried away in a single night in 1795 ; at Arbroath , houses and gardens have disappeared within the memory of those now living ; and the lighthouses at the mouth of the Tay had to be carried further inland , because the sea was approaching . On the Northumberland and

Lincolnshire coasts equally strange movements have been and are still going on . In an old map of Yorkshire , we find the villages of Auburn , Harthern , and Hyde , at spots where are now nothing but sandbanks covered with water at high-tide , Sir George Head , in his Home Tour through the Manufacturing Districts , gives a graphic almost a painful description of a churchyard in Yorkshire , which is at this present time being eaten away by

the sea . The dead bones are first exposed , and then they are washed out , and fall upon the beach below , each year doing something towards the destruction of a pretty graveyard , which was once a mile or more inland . In the portion of coast south of Yorkshire , Norfolk , and Suffolk exhibit the effects of the wearing action more decidedly than Lincolnshire , which is so low that it may be said to have been flooded rather than abraded . Cromer

is now " looking up , " a fashionable pleasure town j but the real original Cromer has long ago been swallowed up by the sea , and the present town is only a substitute . Shipden , Whimpwell , and Eccles , all old towns on the Norfolk coast , are not now to be found . At Sheringham , between Cromer and Wells , the progress of the sea has been singularly marked and definite . In 1805 an inn was built at that place , and it was supposed , from the known

progress of the sea , that the house might last about 70 years before it was attacked , for it was 70 yards from the coast , and the destruction was estimated at about a yard per annum ; but the rate of wearing afterwards increased , and by 1829 the sea approached very near indeed to the inn . The Sheringham of to-day is not the Sheringham of old ; that is gone ; swallowed up by Neptune ; and perhaps Sheringham the new may go likewise ,

unless protective works be executed . For it may be worth while to observe that if there is a judicious arrangement of breakwater or rows of stakes carried out into the seathere may be formed accumulations of sand along the bottom of the cliff and this sand , when a peculiar kind of bending-grasshas grown upon it , will tend to preserve the cliff from the destructive action of the waves . Corton , Pakefield , Dunwich , Aldborough , Bawdsey , on the Suffolk coast ,

all have suffered in a similar way . As for Dunwich , it appears to be two miles from the site of the original Dunwich . The town of Orwell lives only in tradition , nothing more . Twenty years ago Sir Charles Lyell warned the inhabitants of Harwich that if they continued as they had hitherto done they would find themselves some morninff on a little island . He thought

the _ sea was cutting a channel across the isthmus which connects the peninsula of Harwich with the mainland , and that by selling for cement the stones which rolled down upon the beach the people were hastening the process ; for the stones , if left alone , might act for some time as a breakwater or shield . ( To be continued . )

ARCHITECTURE DURING THE STUART PERIOD .

Bernard Jansen was an architect at the same time that Nicholas Stone was the fashionable statuary . They were employed together on the tomb of Mr . Sutton , the founder of the Charter-house . Of what country Jansen was does not appear , probably a Fleming , as he was a professed imitator of Dieterling , a famous builder in the Netherlands , who wrote several bocks on architecture . Jansen was engaged on manv great works in

Eng land ; he built Audley Inn and the greater part of Northumberland House , which used to be at Charing Cross . Audley Inn , near Walden , in c-ssex , was an immense pile of building ; the rooms large , but Eotn ( | of them not lofty in proportion , and a gallery of 95 yards , which , with the chapel and great council chamber , each

projecting backwards from the ends of the gallery , have been demolished . *¦ he present chapel was lately fitted up . The screen accompanying the ascent of steps from the hall was desgined by Sir John Vanbrugh , and has j , elation to the rest of the building . That injudicious architect advised the destruction of the first court , which consisted of noble corridors , sup-Ported by columns of alabaster , in the room of which he built two ugly crick walls , which cost £ 1600 . The marble pillars of the chapel were

Science, Art, And The Drama.

purchased by Lord Onslow . King William bought thence some suits of tapestry , now at Windsor , for which he paid ^ 4500 . The drawing-room , called the Fish-room , is a noble chamber ; the ceiling and a deep frieze , adorned in stucco with sea monsters and great fishes swimming . All the costly chimney-pieces have been sold ; over that in the gallery were the labours of Hercules , and in the ceiling the loves of the gods . Many of the

friezes still extant are in very good taste . It was erected by Thomas Howard , Earl of Suffolk , Lord Treasurer in the reign of James I ., and was generally supposed to be founded on Spanish gold , his countess , who had great sway with him , being notoriously corrupt . There is a whole-length of her in the hall at Gorhambury . She was mother of the memorable Frances , Countess of Essex and Somerset , whose escutcheon remains entire

in the chancel of the church at Walden , one of the lightest and most beautiful parish churches to be seen . After the death of Henry Howard , tenth Earl of Suffolk , in 1745 , Audley Inn passed eventually to Sir John Griffyn , K . C . B ., who was allowed the barony in 17 S 4 , and who restored this magnificent house as it is now seen ; it was bequeathed by him to Richard , Lord Braybroke .

BESSEMER STEEL . Inventive talent is not always hereditary , but it seems to be so in the case of Bessemer . Anthony Bessemer , for some time connected with the English Mint , was author of many useful inventions . His youngest son , Sir Henry Bessemer , discovered the direct and cheap method for making steel from crude iron , which bsars his name , which has been followed by the Siemens open-hearth process ; both have proved amongst the most widely

beneficial inventions of the past century . Steel has been so cheapened that it is used for many purposes , for which iron previously served , such as steel rails , girders for bridges , and carriage tyres . A process which occupied nearly 10 days is accomplished in a very brief period , while the price of steel has been reduced from about £$ 0 to £ 5 or £ 6 per ton , and the world ' s annual production of Bessemer steel amounts to between 80 and 90 millions sterling .

ENGLISH AND AMERICAN THEATRES . Every day the English and American stages become more closely associated . American managers are among the best customers that Eng * lish playwrights possess . They have shown enterprise where English managers hesitated . Mr , H . V . Esmond , for example , has had plays produced in America , for which English theatre-goers look in vain . Soon , however , we are to have at the Comedy his piece entitled , " When we were Twenty-one , " which appears to have been very popular " on the other side , " and , moreover , to have thoroughly deserved the good fortune that has attended it .

GENERAL NOTES . The arrangements for the Promenade Concerts at Queen ' s Hall next month are practically the same as last year . They will commence on Saturday , the 24 th instant , with a popular programms . Mr . Payne will lead the violin , and Mr . Wood will conduct . Smoking will be allowed in several parts of the hall , but portions of the building will be reserved for non-smokers .

A new play by Rudyard Kipling , founded by him upon one of his " Jungle Stories , " and called " The Jungle Play , " is to be brought out at a West-end theatre about Christmas time . « # * * Terry ' s Theatre will re-open on the 19 th instant with the adaptation from the French , by Mr . Augustus Moore , entitled " The Giddy Goat , " to be produced by Mr . Yorke Stephens .

Death.

DEATH .

RAWLRS . —On the 22 nd urt ., at his residence , 9 , Calthorpe-st , W . C ., Bro . James Rawles , aged 77 years .

Ad00503

\ ^\ . OBTAINABLE « Cjft + CJf ? . * .-. «*" \§ X pujiJmtcs N ^^^ f X . WELL-KNOWN PLAN OP i ^ a ^ fe \ 20 MONTHLY Cases ' « sSf \ PAYMENTS £ 25 JIIX MVV ^ CATALOGUE *^ MK $ V \ AJ « - > V CASH PRICES . s ^ ¦ ^ x xok \ ~ / ^* K ^\^& J ? > v lil'islrated CntiildKHOOt / ^ ,. ^ X C ^ k X Wnli-lics , flocks , / x 2 jL 22 > \ x v- * J ° > w ! i < 'rv . * c «'" i I As ^ s ~* v \ \ In X A * x " " Tn , " " If / S ~ . V Q - & V 3 L \< V , \ a X £ & W _^\ system <> £ I « r V * £ ^ " ' m Si , ver- \ rMr ^\ >"" 1 '""* ' f' *^ fxT IMK V * # \\ " " -. I ^ t # & lo Y >\ \ . ¦ ^ 5 . > = &^ Jr \ v ^ ^\ V W lV'TIRM ) " Wiii .-liis X I J ^ N V WB I . "llil . ill . Mii . l ... Vll ; i ! l' . il . | ll . 'il X ^^ . / \ v / Jar Illl | ir . i \ villiMlls t 111 . t iu : lkf il X ^^ # V A XV id & r Kiil' . 'ri , irl . iiill ,. lli . TO . X ^ Jr ^^^ KM ^ M- *"^ One-third saved by b' . ying I >< Best I , n , „] tm Mirtn IIiBh-Cl . ii ; . q AVuMi In dirent . from tho MaVfi's . 1 X . HimfiiiK , Half-Ifiinfiiur , nr Crystal < Uass —Z ^^ Z ¦ X l . S-l-l . ( inlil Cas . 'S £ 25 , i . r in Silv ' . r Casts £ 15 . ll'Aen arilin ,, . iMliM'M ' miMim . " ' J . ^ sr . KJ ^ iwsoixr , LTD ., Steam Factory : 62 & 64 , LUDGATE HILL , E . C . ; k 25 , Old Bond St ., W .