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PARASCHO CIGARETTES possess a delicious natural aroma . When smoketl or inhaled < lo not irritate the throat or nostrils . Are made ONLY from the finest YENM . IEH ( Turkey ) TOBACCO . Are rolled in specially prepared paper , tasteless , and free from nitre , and are dilferent from and superior to all others . A sample box containing 24 , will be forwarded to any address on receipt of 2 s . 6 d . in Stamps or Postal Order . SOLE ADDRESS—64 , PARK STREET , GROSVENOR SQUARE , LONDON , W .

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^ FOR MANSIONS OR VILLAS , ^ ^ k I MPERISHABLE FLOORING - aW £ > ^> FLOOR COVERING . v ^^ Estimates Free . < * 26 , BERNERS STREET , W .

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KNITTING AT HOME , BY which Incomes can be Increased and recreative as well as Healthy Employment secured . Apply for terms to—PATENT AUTOMATIC KNITTING MACHINE CO ., LONDON : 417 , Oxford-street , W . ; 159 , Upper-street , Islington . LIVERPOOL : 39 , Islington . GLASGOW : 7 , Howard-street .

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eo - J . C . CORDING AND Co , ^^ FOR THE BEST tf WATERPROOFS § O SHOOTING , «^ 3 FISHING , § " * TRAVELLING . fi 3 0 £ ^ - Only Address—^ Comer of AIR STREE T , ^ PICCADILLY .

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F . READ , READ , TA / L 0 R & OUTFITTER , Sixteen years with ALFRED WEIM MILES M A R K , an < 1 < - ' ' » I 3 » Brook-st ., Hanovcr-sq . SPECIALITE 63 s . SUITS and 16 s . and 21 s . TROUSERS . ^ ' 14 , Brook Street , Bond Street , W .

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CARRIAGES . F and R . SHANKS particularly call o attention to their light ONE-HORSE LANDAUS , of the very best materials , and fitted with their patent Self-acting Head . Several building to order to be seen in all stages at their manufactory , 70 & 71 , Great Queen-st ., Lincoln ' s Inn-Fields . Drags and new and second-hand Carriages of all descriptions . Estimates given for repairs .

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ji-, By Special Appointment to H . R . H . & , The Prince of Wales . & A ? John Underwood & Sons , «^ ^ SCULPTORS & MASONS , * V - ^ ^^ 10 , Duke-st ., Grosvenor-sq ., W ., < v > t > y BUCKIIURST HILL , N . E ., AXD CHINGIORD , 4 ^ . 4 a > y / a MOUNT CEMETERY . ^^ Reredoses , Pulpits , Screens , Fonts , / £ y" Mosaic in Glass or Marble , Inlaid and aS * Incised Work . Designs , Estimates and References free on application .

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OUR EYES . Just Published , Third Edition . HOW to USE OUR EYES , and HOW to PRESERVE THEM , from INFANCY to OLD AGE , with Special Information about Spectacles . By JOHN BROWNING , F . R . A . S ., F . R . M . S ., & c . With 54 Illustrations . Price is . ; cloth , is . Cd . . ' * How to Use our Eyes , " by John Browning , F . R . A . S ., is a thoroughly practical little manual . " —Graphic . _ " Gives many a useful hint to those who enjoy good eyesight and w sh to preserve it , and gives the advice of an occulist to those obliged to wear spectacles . " —Pall Mall Gazette . Chatto and Windus , Piccadilly , London , W ., and all Booksellers . Sent free for is . 3 d . by the Author , John Browning , 6 3 , Strand , London , W . C .

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Nayal , Military , and Tropical ^ ^^ T ^ BOOT MAKEE ^ , ^ rg ^§ 5 ^^ " - ^ t ^ J ^ " ^ - - " PICCADILLY , LONDON , W .

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DFNT 5 NEW ILLUSTRATED J- "flN X ° CATALOGUE of HIGH-CLASS WATflTJTi'Ql WATCHES and CLOCKS at 11 J \ ± \ j £ J . nV , REDUCED PRICES , sent post & J *^ \ Aj ^ on application to E . DENT jflfjr ^^> an < * Co ., Makers to the Oueen , VTHsNT ^ V ' Gl > STRAND , LONDON , W . C , ^ i /^ . n i ^ Qr ^ RQVAL EXCHANGE .

To Correspondents.

To Correspondents .

BOOKS . & c , RECEIVED . " Jewish Chronicle , " " Freimawicr ZeiUvng , " " Sunday Times " ( London ) , " Hull Packet , " "Citizen , " " Court Circular , " " Broad Arrow , " "Western Morning News , " "Sunday Times" ( New York ) . " Boletin Masonico . " " Voice of Masonry . " "The Piano .

Organ , and Music Trades Journal , " "The Freemason " ( Detroit )—April 25 th to July iSth , " The Effective Advertiser , " " American Eagle , " " English Churchman , " " El Taller , " " Natal Mercury , " " Allen ' s Indian Mail , " " Keystone , " and " Proceedings of the Grand Lodge of Iowa . "

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SATURDAY , AUG . S , 1885 . * .

Original Correspondence.

Original Correspondence .

[ We do not hold ourselves responsible for , or even approving of the opinions expressed by ourcorrespondents . but we wish in a spirit of fair play to all to permit—within certain necessary limits—free discussion . ]

WHICH SHALL IT BE— "CHARITY" OR "DINNERS ?" 2 o the Editor of the " Freemason . " Dear Sir and Brother , I find nothing in the last letter of " Cakes and Ale" which calls for any notice from me , except his assumption that 15 s . per head covers the cost at each

banquet , and that that is a moderate amount for the purpose . He must permit me to say that , in my humble opinion , enlightened by the experience of the Audit , 15 s . per head instead of being a moderate expenditure for a dinner , is a monstrous waste of money—wholly unjustifiable in a Society which has for one of its chief attributes the god-like principle of " Charity "—even if it covered the actual cost

per head , which it never does in a banqueting lodge . Badinage is good in its way , but it is hardly the mode in which to treat a matter of such grave responsibility upon the Craft as the proper application of the funds of its lodges . Until I have some other grounds placed before me I shall adhere to my opinion that those funds can be much better utilised than in providing costly , wasteful , and extravagant " dinners . "—Yours faithfully and fraternally , August 3 rd . C . E . G .

Reviews

REVIEWS

A HISTORICAL TREATISE ON EARLY BUILDERS ' MARKS . By Bro . GEO . F . FORT . McCalla and Staveley , 237 , Dock-street , Philadelphia , United States . This very interesting and , we may add , remarkable contribution to Masonic nistory , by that always pleasant and industrious writer , Bro . G . Fort , will be welcomed warmly by all Masonic students everywhere . It is divided practically into two great portions , —one extending tolthe Sist page , treating on the "Customs of the Craft , " and the other , from Si forwards , dealing with "Builders' Marks . " We certainly owe to Bro . Fort a great deal of gratitude , —we

Masonic ^ students of Masonry , —for touching upon matters upon which no one else has treated , and searching out recondite facts and forgotten recollections , overpassed by , and unknown to , apparently all other Masonic writers . And so in the work before us Bro . Fort brings out very clearly , more clearly than in any other book we know of , Bro . Gould ' s perhaps excepted , the internal life and normal existence of the Craft Guilds , their powers of

discipline and punishment , and the actual binding nature of their contracts , their covenants , and their membership . Bro . Fort points out that , just as in Roman Guilds , the members were free men , not slaves , whatever may have been the case , as to certain religious mysteries , so wc find the Guilds at a very early date assuming a definite position , and claiming certain rights and privileges , as or immemorial use , and of binding authority . Bro . Fort seems

to lay a good deal of store by the Monastic connection , and to adopt Findel's view of a Benedictine patronage of the Craft Guilds , and also which is noteworthy and in contradistinction to Bro . Gould , and in which we . confess wc lean to Bro . Fort's view , that there was a spiritual and symbolical teaching connected with the German Steinmetzen brethren , and that they possessed both a ceremonial , and mystical and trade secrets . On the question of marks

Bro . Fort gives us very interesting details , and not a few curious facts . We do not think that the elucidation of the mystery and meaning of "marks" in the abstract has advanced much since Bro . Shaw's days , and we still lean ourselves to the essential correctness of the main views of that learned and regretted student . Marks were undoubtedly originally alphabetical and numeralistic , and in . each country , just as the Runes , which were originally a

modification of a Greek trading alphabet , were passed into the services of the early builders , so the letters and numerals of various languages became Masons' marks , and are distinctly traceable as such , and became marks , so to say , of a Cosmopolitan system and unity . As time ran on , the tendency to use mystic emblems become more marked , and the alphabetical marks seem to have been governed , as Bro . Fort well puts it , by mathematical rules and precision . The use , too , of the Hermetic and magical alphabet as Masons '

marks is a curious fact , which so far has not received the attention it deserves . From an early period the Delta , the point within a circle , the circle and two parallel lines , the Folfoot , the Pentalpha , the Hexapla were largely used by builders . The Pentalpha was an Oriental sign , and became Pythagorean , with the word "Ugeia , " Health , at the corners of the angles , on a circle . It is also used as a form of Hebraic Cabala , with the word Jehovah or Adonai , in the middle . The Hexapla was not Pythagorean , as far as we know , despite Bro . Fort ' s high authority for the statement ,

Reviews

and except derivatively was a mystic emblem of sacred and constant recognition in the East . It is , in fact , the wonderful and mystical emblem of Solomon's seal ; was adopted by the early Christian builders to denote the Trinity , just as the Pentalpha , or Pentaculum Salomonis , as it is often called , became a Christian mystical emblem of the five wounds of our Saviour . The more we

study Masons' marks , the more we must be struck by the law of mystic emblem and Hermetic symbolism pervading them . It may interest members of the Mark Degree to know that Bro . Fort alludes to Matthew of Arras and Peter Arler , whose images in the Cathedral of Prague bear the Order of Mansonarii , instituted by King Karl the IV . about the end of the fourteenth century . Matthew of

Arras wears his mark a keystone set in a semicircle , depending on a broad band of blue , and Peter Arlar a perfect square . Marks may have been trade , family , individual , Guild , and heriditary . Bro . Shaw professed even to have found marks of members of the Guilds as well as of the "Losses" and "Cowans" of { Scottish nomenclature , not members of the Guildthough

fellow-, workers , " operantes , operarii . " Mr . Street in his interesting work on Spanish cathedrals alike in Spain and Portugal , if we remember rightly , professes to be able to trace various members of a family by some slight difference of marks . The common idea that the marks were to enable the overseer to measure the work , is , we think , too far fetched . A curious fact has

been discovered in some churches , to which a worthy brother has called our attention , that marks are sometimes found on the rough ashlar , as on the smooth , and sometimes two on one stone . We all know marks were adopted by various trades and Crafts and Guilds , and artists and families of artists , and it is said by Fort that there is trace of the same right of Craft Masons to take

away marks by a judiciary sentence for some offence , with which the Guild , as a body corporate , could deal . A great deal has yet to he written on the common and inner life of the Craft Guilds in all countries , and to writers like Bro . Fort , Gould , and others who have turned their attention to this forgotten subject , Masonic students owe a great deal , which they often do not take the trouble to

acknowledge , and will certainly never be able to pay . Bro . Fort gives a most interesting legend from the Acta Sanctorum , about the Master Reynoldus , a son of Haymon , killed by the Craftsmen at Cologne , which deserves careful study and thought . The romance of the Quatre Fils d'Aymon , like a good many other stories of Chivalric life , have all a side bearing on Masonry . There is a good lodge in

England which keeps close to its Master's pedestal . a mighty sword , it maybe the "old sword of justice" of some Free Guild , with a power of discipline , nay , even of life or death , over its members . But in this case the sword has on it the mystic name of " Excalibur , " and is thus connected with the Arthur the King of the Chivalric Myths , or realistic Arthur . Bro . Fort has one great charm in his

writing , he always throws light on the subject he treats upon . It may be fairlyl said of him " nihil tetigit quod non ornavit , " and the elegance and effectiveness of his style carry on the contented and gratified reader to the last words of the unique smaller , or larger work . We confess to be among those many grateful students who

the more we read of Bro . Fort ' s contributions the more we like them , and we thank him once again , and we hope not for the last time , for a most striking , careful , lucid , and learned contribution towards the much-needed study of a very taking subject , of a most recondite and difficult " question .

RULES , REGULATIONS , AND LIST OF MEMBERS , Ancient and Accepted Rite , England and Wales . Corrected to 30 th June , 1 SS 5 . 33 Golden-square , London . There is little that can be said of a work like this which is published annually , and annually exhibits a nearer approach to perfection in the accuracy and fulness of its details . Asa book of reference for those whose duty necessitates frequent

researches in order to ascertain from official sources the achievements of brethren who have attained high rank in the extra-constitutional branches of Masonry , this register can only be described as invaluable . A complete record of the Masonic services of many among our most distinguished members without this to refer to would be impossible ; nor

in speaking of the evident care and attention bestowed on its compilation do we feel that we can use terms likely to be thought too encomiastic . In short , what this calendar of the Supreme Council was in 1 SS 4 , it is now , but with the further particulars . which have accrued since , and that nearer approach to perfection of which we have already spoken .

CALENDAR OF THE GREAT PRIORY OF THE UNITED ORDERS OF THE TEMPLE AND MALTA IN ENGLAND AND WALES for 1 SS 5-86 . Published by authoiity . The Templar Calendar , like its companion of the Supreme Council of the Ancient and Accepted Rite , exhibits those points of excellence without which such

books of reference possess no value whatever . There is here , however , no list of members , but we have a full account of the meeting of Great Priory , held on the Sth May last , when the Great Sub-Prior , Sir Knight Col . Shadwell H . Clerke , in the unavoidable absence of the Earl of Lathom , Great Prior , occupied the throne , and a very satisfactorv reoort was presented for the riast vear bv the

Council . The Statement of Account is also most satisfactory , the balances to the credit of the General and Benevolent Funds amounting together to close on , £ 666 . Wc note further that Sir Knight Ralph Clutton is the new Treasurer of the Order in succession to Sir Knt . C . Goolden , who had held the office , though not quite continuously , since 1 S 65 , and to whomon his present retirement from a

, position he had so long and so eminently adorned , a handsome vote of thanks was unanimously accorded . Other changes that have occurred during the year are mentioned , and a list is given of the preceptories under suspension , several of them having been in this unpleasant predicament for a long term of years . It is to be regretted that the different preceptories have not attached to them lists of the

subscribing members . The compilation of such returns would not be a matter of great difficulty , and then the doings of distinguished brethren in Templary , as in the Ancient and Accepted Rite , would be traceable . Probably this omission will be supplied in future years , though beyond this we do not see that anything in the way of improvement is possible .