-
Articles/Ads
Article TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page 1 of 1 Article Reviews. Page 1 of 1 Article Reviews. Page 1 of 1 Article FREEMASONRY IN LEICESTER SHIRE. Page 1 of 1 Article FREEMASONRY IN LEICESTER SHIRE. Page 1 of 1
Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software.
Table Of Contents.
TABLE OF CONTENTS .
PAGE REVIEWSFreemasonry in Relation to Civil Authority ... 491 F REEMASONRY IN LEICESTERSHIRE 491 P ROV . GRAND LODGE OF NORTHUMBERLAND ... 492 PROV . GRAND LODGE OF STAFFORDSHIRE 492 & 493
S COTLANDGlasgow Province 493 Ay 1 " ' . 493 I RELANDMasonic Orphan Boys'School 493
THE CRAFT Metropolitan 494 Middlesex . . ... ... ... ... 494 Prove cial 494 & 495 ROYAL
ARCHMetropolitan ... 495 INSTRUCTIONMetropolitan ... 495 MARK MASONRYAID to the Sick and Wounded in War ... 495 ORDERS OF CHIVALRYRed Cross of Rome and Constantine 495
Kmghts Templar 493 BIRTHS , MARRIAGES , AND DEATHS 496 ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS 496 FROM REFRESHMENT TO LABOUR 496 MULTUM IN PARVO 497 RED CROSS OF ROME AND CONSTANTINE ... 497 ORIGINAL
CORRESPONDENCEAV By-Law of Lodges and Provinces ... ... 497 The Voice of Distress 497 & 498 Jurisdiction of Grand Lodges ... ... ... 49 S Uniformity of Working 49 8 Masonry in Buenos Ayres ... ... ... 498 Chapter Work 498 Hiram Abif 498 A Query . . 49 S
CHAPTER WORK 499 POETRYMasonic Charity ... ... ... ... ... 499 Lines Addressed to a Bride ... ... ... 499 ROYAL BANK OF IRELAND 499 & 500 THE LATE BRO . CHARLES SLOMAN 500 J OTTINGS FROM MASONIC J OURNALS 501 MASONIC MEETINGS FOR NEXT WEEK 501 ADVERTISEMENTS ... 4 S 9 , 490 , 501 , 502 503 , & 504
Reviews.
Reviews .
Freemasonry in Relation to Civil Authority and the Family Circle ; by Bro . CHALMERS I . PATON . London : George Kenning , Little Britain .
( Continued from page 475 . ) THE LOYALTY OF THE MASONIC BODY . It is the belief that Freemasons are , both in rule and in practice , loyal , that has received for the Fraternity the honourable distinction of being the only legall y recognised secret society in Great Britain
and has secured for it the honour of having Kings and Princes at all times amongst its protectors and fosterers—reckoning amongst its members also the ablest statesmen and most distinguished literary and scientific worthies of the land . Hence , also , it has been said , and it is attested by the whole History oi
Freemasonry , that " wherever Freemasonry has appeared , it has always been the sign of a healthy , vigorous government , as it is even now the token of a weak and timid one where it is not sanctioned . " Ever since the conclusion of the civil war in 1746 , Freemasonry has dx : en a privileged institution in this country ; but more especially has this been the
case since the passing , in 1 799 and 1817 , of Acts of Parliament to suppress all secret and seditious societies . In these Acts , mention is made of Freemasonry , which is treated as an institution worthy of respect , so that all connected with it may be confidentl y regarded as faithful and true to the sovereign ,
loyal and obedient to the laws , and its lodges arc therefore specially exempted from the operation of thestatutes directed against all other secret societies . Indeed , so far as wc possess a record , traditionary ° '' historical , the Masonic body has , with one or two temporary exceptionsbeen always honoured
, by the presence or protection of British Sovereigns , and-this both both in England and Scotland , whilst "icy were separate kingdoms , as well as more recentl y , since their happy union . So far back as A . n . 6 90 , King Edgar was an illustrious protector of the Order . In the year 826 King Alfred the Great
took a leading part in Masonry . During the reigns ot Henry I . and Stephen , in England , the Order w 'ts protected and fostered by the Crown . When , d III . washing , the lodges grew in number ijntl strength by the favours he bestowed . Richard
tn ' 1 ' 1 ry IV"' ancl HcnT > v - devoted much time to the promotion , development , and welfare of the tli ^ ir Henry VI . —although , during his minority , 'c House of Commons attempted to disturb , ifnot 0 overthrow the society , an attempt which signally ailed—agreed to be initiated in 1442 , and was ever
Reviews.
after distinguished for his attachment to the Order , which he protected to the utmost ; and in consequence of his example , many lords and gentlemen of his court attached themselves to it and became its strenuous supporters . James I . of Scotland presided over the lodges in his kingdom , and was very
regular in his attendance at their meetings . Indeed , we are told by an old chronicler that , "As the Royal Grand Master , he settled a yearly revenue of £ 4 Scots , to be paid by every Master Mason in Scotland to a Grand Master chosen by the brethren and approved of by the Crown—one nobly born , or an
eminent clergyman , who had his deputities in cities and counties . " James II . of Scotland appointed William St . Clair of Roslin , Earl of Orkney and Caithness , Grand Master of the Order in Scotland , making the office hereditary , and it was long held by the descendants of that great-nobleman , the St .
Clairs of Roslin . In 1502 , Henry VII . of England presided over the lodges of his kingdom . He assembled a Grand Lodge in his palace , and with his own hand laid the foundation-stone of that magnificent structure , known by the name of Henry VII . ' s Chapel in Westminster Abbey . Oueen Elizabeth ,
though by false representations she at one time became jealous of the Masons , and actually sent an armed force to break up their annual meeting at York , on St . John ' s Day , 1561 , subsequently became their most attached friend , and bore testimony to them as the cultivators of peace , friendship , and
brotherly love . Her successor , James I . of Great Britain , was a great friend to the Craft , and during his reign the English lodges taught men from all countries , giving them instruction in science and art . Charles I . assembled an immense number of the Order , and himself laid the foundation-stone of St .
Pauls Cathedral , with great solemnity . George IV . was patron of the Craft during his reign . William IV . was also patron for Scotland , and Grand Master for England , during his reign ; ancl , at the present time , no fewer than four crowned heads of Europe are honorary members of the Grand Lodge of
Scotland . His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales has recently been initiated as a Mason , thus following the example of his illustrious predecessors . The almost constant connection of Sovereigns and members of the Royal Family with the Order of Freemasons , shows plainly enough the estimation in
which it has always been held for loyalty to the Crown and respect to the laws of the land . If further evidence to this effect were necessary , it would be found in the instructions framed and issued for the regulation of Government officials , in which special exception is made in favour of the Craft .
The following regulation may be quoted as an example : — " They shall abstain from expression of any political or religious opinions , which may in the slightest degree be calculated to give offence , and shall not belong to any secret society , except that of the Freemasons .
Freemasonry In Leicester Shire.
FREEMASONRY IN LEICESTER SHIRE .
With every copy of the by-laws of a province a concise history of its Masonic career should be published . Not only so , but we think the laws adopted by lodges should be prefaced with at least a sketch of the main proceedings of the
individual lodges from their commencement , so that each member may be familiar with the history of the sanctum wherein he first saw the light . Of late Bro . C . C . Whitney Griffiths , P . M ., has issued an excellent work entitled ,
" Reminiscences of the Worcester Lodge , No . 280 , and of other Masonic Institutions in the Province and City of Worcester ; " and Bro . Gordon W . Clark a " Short Account of the Lodge of Harmony , No . 255 , Richmond ,
Surrey . Both are admirable productions . One of the first to recognise this opinion was Bro . Richard Spiers , die excellent D . Prov . G . M . of Oxfordshire , who has compiled the leading characteristics as to Freemasonry in his province ,
and also the salient points in the proceedings of each lodge , and issued such epitomised informationas prefaces to all the by-lawsfor Oxfordshire . The worthy D . Prov . G . Master of North and East Yorkshire ( Dr . John Pearson Bell ) has also
furnished information of a more than usuall y important character from the Grand Lodge of All England , formerly held at York , being alluded to and occupying a prominent part in his able introduction to the by-laws of that
flourishing province . The province of Cornwall has also been well illustrated by a history from A . D . 1751 of the various lodges , and also of all provincial proceedings of importance from A . D . 1752101864 . It was privately printed in
Freemasonry In Leicester Shire.
1864 under the auspices of its deservedlyesteemed Prov . Grand Master . It has , however , been reserved for the recently-appointed Prov . Grand Master for Leicestershire ancl Rutland to issue the most generally interesting history of a
province we have seen . Strangers to this Masonic province would peruse with interest the readable account of its proceedings from A . D . 1774 , especially as it is from the pen of an enthusiastic Mason , who acted as D . Prov . Grand
Master of Leicestershire from 1852 to 186 9 , and previously as Prov . Grand Secretary A . D . 1854 , Prov . Grand Deacon 1841 and 1842 . As we understand a few copies will be on sale for the Fraternity not connected with the province , and
at a trifling cost , we do not intend to notice . at length any of the valuable facts recorded by the illustrious author , especially as the editor of THE FREEMASON is now reviewing the work ; but will endeavour to afford a little evidence in
confirmation of some parts but slightly supported by documentary proof . The earliest lodge ( but one ) we read of in the history of this province , under the Grand Lodge of England , is No . 197 , warranted August 21 st ,
1754 , of which the author was informed , by Bro . Dr . Bell , that it is inserted in Cole ' s " List of Lodges A . D . 1767 . " In the " Constitutions " of A . D . 1756 ( page 339 ) is to be found a register of the same lodge , as follows : " Pelican , Leicester ,
1 st and 3 rd Tuesday , Aug . 21 , 1754 , and 111 the "List of all the Regular Lodges in England , " Exeter , R . Trewman , 1767 , the foregoing is also noted and described as No . 126 . It does not occur , however , in the second edition of the
latter work of A . D . 1777 . Information as to the earliest lodge has been accidentally discovered by the Grand Secretary quite recently . It is an entry recording that on the 7 th December , I 739 > a lodge was constituted as Kb . 170 , to
meet at tlie Wheat Sheaf , Leicester . We cannot discover it in any list we have . The R . W . Bro . Kelly thinks it had a " very short career , " and no doubt it had , as otherwise we would have been able to trace it in some of the listsof lodges
issued subsequently , and of which we possess a goodly number . In the Freemasons' Calendars for 1781-2-3--4 no lodge is recorded for Leicestershire ; but " Sir T . Fowke , Clarges-street , "
appears as Prov . Grand Master . In the calendar for 1799 we find : " No . 471 , St . John ' s Lodge , at tlie Lion and Dolphin , Market-place , Leicester—1 st Wed . " ( page 43 ); and Lord Rancliffe is mentioned as Prov . Grand Master for
Leicestershire and Nottingham . The name of Richard Barker , Esq ., occurs as Prov . Grand Master for Rutlandshire , although no lodge was held in that county then , nor is any so stated in the calendars for 1 S 03-4-5--10 , though the same Prov . Grand
Master is continned . During these years ( 1803 to 1 S 10 ) no Prov . Grand Master is alluded to for Leicestershire . Under A . D . 1790 we notice , however , "No . 471 , St . John ' s Lodge , Three Cranes' Inn , Leicester , 1 st Wed . " In "Masonic
Miscellancies" by Bro . Stephen Jones ( London , 1 S 11 ) the same information is afforded . In the first edition of this well-known work by Bro . Jones , editor of " Preston ' s Illustrations" ( on the decease of the author ) , the following is noted :
"Iso . 471 , St . John ' s Lodge , at the Lion and Dolphin , Market Place , Leicester , 1 st Wednesday" ( page 317 , A . D . 1797 ) . A Royal Arch Chapter is thus alluded to in the same valuable little book : " No . 102 , Fortitude , Lion and Dolphin , Leicester , 3 rd Wednesday in March ,
June , September , and December . " We find that in the " Constitutions of the Freemasons , " 178 4 ( page 412 ) , the Prov . Grand Master for Leicestershire then was Sir T . Fowkes , Clargesstreet . None for Rutland is mentioned . In " Aliiman Rezon , " 1807 , the list of lodges contains " No . 91 , Leicester ( city ) , George Inn . "
The old lodge referred to by the respected Grand Secretary could not have been long at work , as it does not occur in any edition of the " Constitutions" as among the list of lodges from 1756 , nor is it to be found among the
erasures , so that its career began from A . D . 1739 and ended before A . D . 1756 . We heartil y commend the " History of Leicestershire and Rutland , " by the Prov . Grand Master . W . J AMES HUGHAN .
Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software.
Table Of Contents.
TABLE OF CONTENTS .
PAGE REVIEWSFreemasonry in Relation to Civil Authority ... 491 F REEMASONRY IN LEICESTERSHIRE 491 P ROV . GRAND LODGE OF NORTHUMBERLAND ... 492 PROV . GRAND LODGE OF STAFFORDSHIRE 492 & 493
S COTLANDGlasgow Province 493 Ay 1 " ' . 493 I RELANDMasonic Orphan Boys'School 493
THE CRAFT Metropolitan 494 Middlesex . . ... ... ... ... 494 Prove cial 494 & 495 ROYAL
ARCHMetropolitan ... 495 INSTRUCTIONMetropolitan ... 495 MARK MASONRYAID to the Sick and Wounded in War ... 495 ORDERS OF CHIVALRYRed Cross of Rome and Constantine 495
Kmghts Templar 493 BIRTHS , MARRIAGES , AND DEATHS 496 ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS 496 FROM REFRESHMENT TO LABOUR 496 MULTUM IN PARVO 497 RED CROSS OF ROME AND CONSTANTINE ... 497 ORIGINAL
CORRESPONDENCEAV By-Law of Lodges and Provinces ... ... 497 The Voice of Distress 497 & 498 Jurisdiction of Grand Lodges ... ... ... 49 S Uniformity of Working 49 8 Masonry in Buenos Ayres ... ... ... 498 Chapter Work 498 Hiram Abif 498 A Query . . 49 S
CHAPTER WORK 499 POETRYMasonic Charity ... ... ... ... ... 499 Lines Addressed to a Bride ... ... ... 499 ROYAL BANK OF IRELAND 499 & 500 THE LATE BRO . CHARLES SLOMAN 500 J OTTINGS FROM MASONIC J OURNALS 501 MASONIC MEETINGS FOR NEXT WEEK 501 ADVERTISEMENTS ... 4 S 9 , 490 , 501 , 502 503 , & 504
Reviews.
Reviews .
Freemasonry in Relation to Civil Authority and the Family Circle ; by Bro . CHALMERS I . PATON . London : George Kenning , Little Britain .
( Continued from page 475 . ) THE LOYALTY OF THE MASONIC BODY . It is the belief that Freemasons are , both in rule and in practice , loyal , that has received for the Fraternity the honourable distinction of being the only legall y recognised secret society in Great Britain
and has secured for it the honour of having Kings and Princes at all times amongst its protectors and fosterers—reckoning amongst its members also the ablest statesmen and most distinguished literary and scientific worthies of the land . Hence , also , it has been said , and it is attested by the whole History oi
Freemasonry , that " wherever Freemasonry has appeared , it has always been the sign of a healthy , vigorous government , as it is even now the token of a weak and timid one where it is not sanctioned . " Ever since the conclusion of the civil war in 1746 , Freemasonry has dx : en a privileged institution in this country ; but more especially has this been the
case since the passing , in 1 799 and 1817 , of Acts of Parliament to suppress all secret and seditious societies . In these Acts , mention is made of Freemasonry , which is treated as an institution worthy of respect , so that all connected with it may be confidentl y regarded as faithful and true to the sovereign ,
loyal and obedient to the laws , and its lodges arc therefore specially exempted from the operation of thestatutes directed against all other secret societies . Indeed , so far as wc possess a record , traditionary ° '' historical , the Masonic body has , with one or two temporary exceptionsbeen always honoured
, by the presence or protection of British Sovereigns , and-this both both in England and Scotland , whilst "icy were separate kingdoms , as well as more recentl y , since their happy union . So far back as A . n . 6 90 , King Edgar was an illustrious protector of the Order . In the year 826 King Alfred the Great
took a leading part in Masonry . During the reigns ot Henry I . and Stephen , in England , the Order w 'ts protected and fostered by the Crown . When , d III . washing , the lodges grew in number ijntl strength by the favours he bestowed . Richard
tn ' 1 ' 1 ry IV"' ancl HcnT > v - devoted much time to the promotion , development , and welfare of the tli ^ ir Henry VI . —although , during his minority , 'c House of Commons attempted to disturb , ifnot 0 overthrow the society , an attempt which signally ailed—agreed to be initiated in 1442 , and was ever
Reviews.
after distinguished for his attachment to the Order , which he protected to the utmost ; and in consequence of his example , many lords and gentlemen of his court attached themselves to it and became its strenuous supporters . James I . of Scotland presided over the lodges in his kingdom , and was very
regular in his attendance at their meetings . Indeed , we are told by an old chronicler that , "As the Royal Grand Master , he settled a yearly revenue of £ 4 Scots , to be paid by every Master Mason in Scotland to a Grand Master chosen by the brethren and approved of by the Crown—one nobly born , or an
eminent clergyman , who had his deputities in cities and counties . " James II . of Scotland appointed William St . Clair of Roslin , Earl of Orkney and Caithness , Grand Master of the Order in Scotland , making the office hereditary , and it was long held by the descendants of that great-nobleman , the St .
Clairs of Roslin . In 1502 , Henry VII . of England presided over the lodges of his kingdom . He assembled a Grand Lodge in his palace , and with his own hand laid the foundation-stone of that magnificent structure , known by the name of Henry VII . ' s Chapel in Westminster Abbey . Oueen Elizabeth ,
though by false representations she at one time became jealous of the Masons , and actually sent an armed force to break up their annual meeting at York , on St . John ' s Day , 1561 , subsequently became their most attached friend , and bore testimony to them as the cultivators of peace , friendship , and
brotherly love . Her successor , James I . of Great Britain , was a great friend to the Craft , and during his reign the English lodges taught men from all countries , giving them instruction in science and art . Charles I . assembled an immense number of the Order , and himself laid the foundation-stone of St .
Pauls Cathedral , with great solemnity . George IV . was patron of the Craft during his reign . William IV . was also patron for Scotland , and Grand Master for England , during his reign ; ancl , at the present time , no fewer than four crowned heads of Europe are honorary members of the Grand Lodge of
Scotland . His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales has recently been initiated as a Mason , thus following the example of his illustrious predecessors . The almost constant connection of Sovereigns and members of the Royal Family with the Order of Freemasons , shows plainly enough the estimation in
which it has always been held for loyalty to the Crown and respect to the laws of the land . If further evidence to this effect were necessary , it would be found in the instructions framed and issued for the regulation of Government officials , in which special exception is made in favour of the Craft .
The following regulation may be quoted as an example : — " They shall abstain from expression of any political or religious opinions , which may in the slightest degree be calculated to give offence , and shall not belong to any secret society , except that of the Freemasons .
Freemasonry In Leicester Shire.
FREEMASONRY IN LEICESTER SHIRE .
With every copy of the by-laws of a province a concise history of its Masonic career should be published . Not only so , but we think the laws adopted by lodges should be prefaced with at least a sketch of the main proceedings of the
individual lodges from their commencement , so that each member may be familiar with the history of the sanctum wherein he first saw the light . Of late Bro . C . C . Whitney Griffiths , P . M ., has issued an excellent work entitled ,
" Reminiscences of the Worcester Lodge , No . 280 , and of other Masonic Institutions in the Province and City of Worcester ; " and Bro . Gordon W . Clark a " Short Account of the Lodge of Harmony , No . 255 , Richmond ,
Surrey . Both are admirable productions . One of the first to recognise this opinion was Bro . Richard Spiers , die excellent D . Prov . G . M . of Oxfordshire , who has compiled the leading characteristics as to Freemasonry in his province ,
and also the salient points in the proceedings of each lodge , and issued such epitomised informationas prefaces to all the by-lawsfor Oxfordshire . The worthy D . Prov . G . Master of North and East Yorkshire ( Dr . John Pearson Bell ) has also
furnished information of a more than usuall y important character from the Grand Lodge of All England , formerly held at York , being alluded to and occupying a prominent part in his able introduction to the by-laws of that
flourishing province . The province of Cornwall has also been well illustrated by a history from A . D . 1751 of the various lodges , and also of all provincial proceedings of importance from A . D . 1752101864 . It was privately printed in
Freemasonry In Leicester Shire.
1864 under the auspices of its deservedlyesteemed Prov . Grand Master . It has , however , been reserved for the recently-appointed Prov . Grand Master for Leicestershire ancl Rutland to issue the most generally interesting history of a
province we have seen . Strangers to this Masonic province would peruse with interest the readable account of its proceedings from A . D . 1774 , especially as it is from the pen of an enthusiastic Mason , who acted as D . Prov . Grand
Master of Leicestershire from 1852 to 186 9 , and previously as Prov . Grand Secretary A . D . 1854 , Prov . Grand Deacon 1841 and 1842 . As we understand a few copies will be on sale for the Fraternity not connected with the province , and
at a trifling cost , we do not intend to notice . at length any of the valuable facts recorded by the illustrious author , especially as the editor of THE FREEMASON is now reviewing the work ; but will endeavour to afford a little evidence in
confirmation of some parts but slightly supported by documentary proof . The earliest lodge ( but one ) we read of in the history of this province , under the Grand Lodge of England , is No . 197 , warranted August 21 st ,
1754 , of which the author was informed , by Bro . Dr . Bell , that it is inserted in Cole ' s " List of Lodges A . D . 1767 . " In the " Constitutions " of A . D . 1756 ( page 339 ) is to be found a register of the same lodge , as follows : " Pelican , Leicester ,
1 st and 3 rd Tuesday , Aug . 21 , 1754 , and 111 the "List of all the Regular Lodges in England , " Exeter , R . Trewman , 1767 , the foregoing is also noted and described as No . 126 . It does not occur , however , in the second edition of the
latter work of A . D . 1777 . Information as to the earliest lodge has been accidentally discovered by the Grand Secretary quite recently . It is an entry recording that on the 7 th December , I 739 > a lodge was constituted as Kb . 170 , to
meet at tlie Wheat Sheaf , Leicester . We cannot discover it in any list we have . The R . W . Bro . Kelly thinks it had a " very short career , " and no doubt it had , as otherwise we would have been able to trace it in some of the listsof lodges
issued subsequently , and of which we possess a goodly number . In the Freemasons' Calendars for 1781-2-3--4 no lodge is recorded for Leicestershire ; but " Sir T . Fowke , Clarges-street , "
appears as Prov . Grand Master . In the calendar for 1799 we find : " No . 471 , St . John ' s Lodge , at tlie Lion and Dolphin , Market-place , Leicester—1 st Wed . " ( page 43 ); and Lord Rancliffe is mentioned as Prov . Grand Master for
Leicestershire and Nottingham . The name of Richard Barker , Esq ., occurs as Prov . Grand Master for Rutlandshire , although no lodge was held in that county then , nor is any so stated in the calendars for 1 S 03-4-5--10 , though the same Prov . Grand
Master is continned . During these years ( 1803 to 1 S 10 ) no Prov . Grand Master is alluded to for Leicestershire . Under A . D . 1790 we notice , however , "No . 471 , St . John ' s Lodge , Three Cranes' Inn , Leicester , 1 st Wed . " In "Masonic
Miscellancies" by Bro . Stephen Jones ( London , 1 S 11 ) the same information is afforded . In the first edition of this well-known work by Bro . Jones , editor of " Preston ' s Illustrations" ( on the decease of the author ) , the following is noted :
"Iso . 471 , St . John ' s Lodge , at the Lion and Dolphin , Market Place , Leicester , 1 st Wednesday" ( page 317 , A . D . 1797 ) . A Royal Arch Chapter is thus alluded to in the same valuable little book : " No . 102 , Fortitude , Lion and Dolphin , Leicester , 3 rd Wednesday in March ,
June , September , and December . " We find that in the " Constitutions of the Freemasons , " 178 4 ( page 412 ) , the Prov . Grand Master for Leicestershire then was Sir T . Fowkes , Clargesstreet . None for Rutland is mentioned . In " Aliiman Rezon , " 1807 , the list of lodges contains " No . 91 , Leicester ( city ) , George Inn . "
The old lodge referred to by the respected Grand Secretary could not have been long at work , as it does not occur in any edition of the " Constitutions" as among the list of lodges from 1756 , nor is it to be found among the
erasures , so that its career began from A . D . 1739 and ended before A . D . 1756 . We heartil y commend the " History of Leicestershire and Rutland , " by the Prov . Grand Master . W . J AMES HUGHAN .