Guilds.

there is therefore no room . As soon , hoAA'ever , as Avants arise , Avnich the family can no longer satisfy—whether on account of their peculiar nature , or in consequence of their increase , or because its own activity groAvs feeble—closer artificial alliances iimnediately spring forth to provide for them , in so far as the State does not do it . Infinitely varied as are the Avants Avhich call them forth so are naturally the objects of these alliances . Tet the basis on Avhich they all rest is the same . All are unions between man ancl man ,

not mere associations of capital , like our modern societies and companies , ' etc . " It is not very difficult to dispose of the theory to Avhieh the fervid Teutonic genius has led Dr . Brentano . " This theory proves too little in one sense , and too much in another . It is AA'holly illogical to deduce from the natural obbgation of the family an institution Avhich is not only A'oluntary ancl optional , but AA'hich can- only begin outside of that family . In

this respect , therefore , Dr . Brentano ' s theory falls " short . " Again , if the Guild be derivable from tho family , every other association of freer men must be equally so derived , and should Dr . Brentano's arguments prove his contention , the army , the navy , the civil gOA'ernment of a country , have all claims to that origin . But this is to prove more than is proposed . " Mr . Toulmin Smith AA'as of opinion that' none of our Guilds AA'ere founded upon

a Eomnn basis . ' Miss Smith acids , ' and , Avhen a reference to early Eoman history was suggested , ' he replied , ' There is not the shacloAV of an analogy ( misleading as eA'en analogies are ) betAveen the old Sabine curies and our old English Guilds . We trace ours back to the old Saxon times . '

" As I am free to confess that I do not understand the allusion in this , I must leave it , Avith all its mystery , uncommented upon , except to obseive that it may mean that English Guilds are of English origin . " In the various hypotheses AA'hich I haA ' e referred to the propounders all-agree in one point , A'iz ., in ignoring the past history of Britain . They seem to haA'e forgotten that England u--as a Latin country for four centimes , ancl during that period , as she received Latin colonists so she received also Roman laws and institutions .

"Amongst the latter the collegia privata were planted here , at the infancy of the Conquest . The collegium fah-orwn Avhich dwelt in the Givitatis Regnorum , when Claudius and his successors Avere Emperors , is IOIOAATI to all antiquaries . * The colleges remained in this country throughout the imperial rule , ancl AA'ith the pi-OA'incial inhabitants survived the Anglo-Saxon occupation of Britain . They were subsequently , through that maiwellous imitativeness t which distinguished the German

in the early stages of his national life , adopted by him also . " That this is the true origin of the English Guild it -will not be very difficult to demonstrate . "Under the empire and before it private colleges ( collegiaprivata ) were corporations composed of men voluntarily bound together for a common lawful purpose . J ¦ ' " They were established by legal Act , § either of senatus consultum , or a decree of the Emperor . ¦ ¦ ¦¦ - , . "The number of the societies could not be less than three . It might be any