On The Proto-Ethnic Condition Of Asia Minor, The Khalubes (Chalybes), Idæ I Dactyli , And Their Relations With The Mythology Of Ionia.

At Ephesus there is no present record of a temple of Cybele ; one reason may be that it was merged in that of Hekate ; another that it was in a village or town of Mount Solmissus , above Ortygia . However , all legends point to this district , and the Five Finger Mountains or Besh

Parmak as the scene of the personal presence of the goddess . The statue of Diana of Ephesus , said to have fallen from heaven , and supposed to be a log , may have been a meteorite of that shape , and originally devoted to Cybele . Pessinos in the later ages was the main seat of

the worship . The statue there was a meteorite , fallen from heaven , but was transferred to Rome . The priest called Galli , recruited from the Ivhalubes , or imitating them practised barbarous rites . The real centre of the worship of the mother of the gods was in the mountains near Ephesus , and

a connected theory may be formed . The Khalubes were known to the Amazons and Iberians as Kuretes and Korubantes , to the Greeks as

Fingermen . The Amazon foundation of Ephesus would restrain the hill tribes . As this period is , perhaps , to be placed the legends of Khronos ( Saturn ) and Zeus ( Jupiter ) , and not in the Iberian time . A son of Khrotios , one of the

princes of the Amazons , was sent for safety to the tills and brought up by those tribes . In subsequent contests the young man , by means of the tribes , defended his father's kingdom , and afterwards , by the help of these allies , deposed his father . Such may be the real origin of the Jovian legends , and in time we may be able to classify such materials as have been handed down to ns .

The legends point to a settlement of Crete by Mygdon or Minos at the body of a head of adventurers , including members of the hill tribes , by whom the name was given to Ida , who introduced and practised the rites of Cybele , as the more advanced settlers did that of their deified ancestor ,

Jove . Hence the localization in Crete of so many Jovian legends . The Kuretes taught the people of Crete the keeping of flocks of goats and sheep , the forging and smelting of metals , and the keeping of bees . All these are arts of the hill tribes .

It is strange that the worship of Cybele waned in later times at Ephesus , and this may have been owing to the dying off of the hill tribes . The mysteries and magic rites of Ephesus may have been their legacy . It is strange , too , that the worship of Jove himself did not flourish in hisown

birthplace and cradle at Ephesus , but the great god was Diana at Ephesus , at Magnesia , and in the neighbouring country . Diana must haveb een a goddess of after ages , pei'haps of the Iberians , who fused the worship of a national goddess with that of Cybele . Hence the birth of Diana at Ephesus . The worship of a deified man would flourish best at a distance , and hence that of Jove

was developed among the Hellenes , whose princes claimed descent from the gods . The Hellenes , coming later , worked up the older mythology into a system , which in Hesiocl is naturalistic in its origin . Hence we have Heaven and Earth producing , Time and the Mother

of the Gods , these were the parents of Jupiter , and Jupiter of Diana and the later gods . Time is , perhaps , only a term for the man of unknown antiquity , and not , as it was later understood , as the passage of events . This artificial and consistent genealogy afterwards adopted among the

Greeks and Romans , and into which they introduced all local gods , does not represent the original state of affairs , nor are the names employed by the Hellenic Indo-European tnythologists susceptible of giving us a clue to the real origins . After the Amazon time , the worship of Cybele was maintained through that of the Iberians clown to the arrival of the Hellenes . Each

contending party Would use the hill tribes , and each conqueror ot the port or citadel on the plain would acquire the tribute of the smelters and charcoal burners . The name of the Cecropes , I find mixed with that of Leleges in the legends of Asia Minor ,

Crete , and the islands generally . There must have been many races of various origin down to the period of the Hellenic invaders and colonizers . Each leader , Iberian and Hellenic , would in his wars hire bands , not only of his own people , but of hillmen , particularly those useful as smiths and armourers , and also when they led forth colonies . These various races are recognizable in the history of Crete .

Many of these migrations must have taken place antecedent to any movements of the Phoenicians in the Levant seas . The hillmen had a share in the migrations to Crete , Cyprus , Rhodes , Lemnos , Samothrace , and , it is to be presumed , to the European continent . To them may be

attributed the mountain names of Ida and Olympus . Many of the mountain names of Asia Minor and Greece appear to be neither Amazon nor Iberian , very few Iberian . The metals- worked by the Khalubes may be taken to be ironbronze , silverand goldand

, , , these they worked up into weapons and armour ; but the gold discoveries of the golden age of Saturn must have been performed by the Amazons or Iberians . While their descendants , and afterwards aliens , carried on the metal-working labours of the

Khalubes down to our day , another part of their national existence was represented by the priests of Cybele , degenerating , in the Roman epoch , to a mob of loafing adventurers , imitating tho debasement of savages . The Kuretes and Korubantes of Ephesus and Crete , and the Kabeiri of

Samothrace , coming under more intellectual auspices , developed a system of mysteries or initiation , and practised magic and incantations ; but the Galli