The Crusades And The Crusaders.*

them on their return , and joined with them on the journey . But one Gastus , of the state of Berdeix , with thirty men cunning of plot and fight , had scarcely withdrawn from the army , being gifted with foresight , and knowing that up to that time the strength of the approaching pilgrims had escaped the knowledge of the

. soldiery and inhabitants of Jerusalem , gallops off ivith his friends to the neig hbourhood of the city , and collects aud carries off as booty some flocks guarded by a few shepherds , who , affrighted , fled into the town . And so this bold feat being discovered , the prey was recovered by the Saracenswho pursued the Christians to the foot

, of a mountain . The hero and his companions gained the heig ht and there awaited the event . But now Tancred and his knig hts from Bethlehem appeared defiling through the valley gorge . Joining these forces , they pursued the Saracens to the very gates of Jerusalem , and recovered the booty . They then rejoined the army , and when their

¦ cattle were seen by the brethren and captains , they all inquired where they obtained this abundance of flocks . They made reply that they had taken and carried them off from the country round Jerusalem . Jerusalem ! When they heard that word they all through joy burst into tears , that they should be so near to tlie holy spot , the

long-wished-for city , for which they had undergone so many labours , so many perils , so many kinds of death . They flung themselves prostrate on the earth , adoring and praising God , of whose good g ift it comes that His faithful , people should do unto Him true and laudable service , who had graciously deigned to listen to the

prayers of His people , that , according to their earnest desire , they should be meet to arrive at the wished for spot . "

" 0 good Jesus , " exclaims Robert , the monk , * "when they beheld thy beloved towers , the walls of this earthly Jerusalem , what flowings forth of tears were there ! Kneeling on the ground , they adored Thee who didst lay Thyself in the grave in her , though sitting on the ri ght hand of the Pather , though Thou art to come the judge of all men , "

The return of the crusaders is worth } ' to be compared with the return of the Heracleida \ The holy wars had produced results which the work of centuries mi ght have failed to have accomplished . The feudal lords who had gone forth with their vassals from their ancestral towers , wearing the mark of the Cross , with their hawks and their

hounds , their materials for fishing ancl hunting , when they came back to the halls of their fathers , found their fame increased but their real consequence diminished . Boundless admiration indeed was felt for the men whose shields , and according to Muratori . t now for tlie first time seen emblazoned with quaint emblems and deviceswere

, credentials of puissant deeds wrought in the land where streamed rivers of milk and honey , the land whicli is the glory of all lands . To this the institution of tournaments , distinguished by their truly oriental style of magnificence , greatly contributed . But while these honours had been gained , the real substantial hacl been lost . The feudal

yoke ivas for ever broken . Corporate boroughs had arisen . The bounds of knowledge were extended . Strange waters were whitened with innumerable sails . Individual energy found scope . Europe awoke from long deathful slumbers into a new morning of life and enemy . With the close of the crusades , the middle ages were passed , and modern history commenced .

Architecture And Archæology.

ARCHITECTURE AND ARCH ? OLOGY .

CAMBRIAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION . At the Bangor Congress of the Cambrian Archajologists , Mr . Charles Or . Wynne , M . P ., presided , and delivered an interesting opening address . In the course of ifc he said , —I shall endeavour to show that arclueology , far from being a mere unprofitable dilettantismhas a positive value

, money , one appreciable not only by the literary or scientific mind , but even by those who look exclusively to material interests —that commerce , in a word , no loss than history , or art , is under obligations to nrchaiology . I allude to the case of our pottery and earthenware manufacture , which is now an important branch of our national trade . At the time wheu Wedgwood first- began his operationsEiig-lnnd was an

, importing country with regard to this article of trade , drawing her supplies from the continent , from Holland , from Prance , ancl from Germany . About the year 1760 , Wedgwood established himself in Staffordshire . The models which ho selected for imitation were all taken from the antique , from the Portland vase—Greek vases , cameos , and old coins—but above all from the magnificent collection of

Etruscan vases and earthenware , which were purchased about that time from Sir William Hamilton , for the British Museum . Such was the immediate improvement in classical elegance and purity of design which the manufacture derived from these sources , that , within a very few years , England became an exporting country in this article , and the trade in it has since been steadily developeduntil

, , in tho year 1857 , the declared value of the earthenware exported from the "United Kingdom was £ 1 , 488 , 668 . Wedgwood ' s own' sense of the obligations under which ho was to his imitation of his ancient models , was marked by the name he gave to the new village , formed round his works in Staffordshire , ivhich ho called Etruria in honour of them . More recently still , the collection of Etruscan antiquities ,

made by rrmco Gaiuuo , and brought to England by Signov Campanari , has marked another stage in the progress of this branch of industry ; and it is a fact that at this moment tho best silversmiths and jewellers in London resort constantly to the British Museum to study these models , and copy them for reproduction . Tho well-known Minton ware , to wliich belong the most beautiful specimens of fictile art

in the present day , arc cither copied from , or duo to the study and imitation of , the Majolico ware of Mediasval Italy "; whilst tho smaller objects of Assyrian art , brought from Nineveh by Mr . Layard , are extensively copied by artists , and reproduction of them made , on a smaller scale , in Parian , in marble , or iu bronze . The first paper read was on " The Military Architecture

of Wales , " by Mr . G . T . Clark . " Tho greater number of the existing buildings , " lie said , " are probably of the reign of Henry III ., or early in that of . Kdward I . Somo of tlie grander examples , such as Caerphilly , Kidwelly , Uctitimaris , are regularly concentric , and quite equal to anything in England . Others , as Conway , Caernavon , Caldecot , are a mere inelosuredivided into courtsund contained within curtain walls

, , , thickly studded with towers , and broken by regular gute-houses , and having the hall and other buildings disposed against the curtain along the sides of the principal courts . ' ' The smaller castles of this type , as Dinas Powis , Vennard in Gov .-er , perhaps Vv'hitecastle , and many others , seem to have been a simple inclosed court , -ivith walls from ten to thirty feet high , mural towersancl a gate-housebut with small

permanent-, , accommodation within . The dwellings were chielly structures of timber placed against the walls , and have in consequence long disappeared . " When a castle , as Is ' eath , Caernarvon , Xewporfc , and Cardiil ' , was placed close to a town , it usually formed a part of tlie circuit of tho wall . At Chepstow this does not appear to have been the case . "

On the second daj r an excursion ivas made to Beaumaris , where the castle was specially illustrated . In the evening the Eev . John Griffith , rector of Merthyr Tydvil , read a , paper , entitled , " Tho Diary of John Taylor , Water Poet to his Majesty King Charles I ., through Wales in the Year 1052 , in his Seventy-fourth Year . " The E , cv . II . Longncvillc Jones delivered to the meeting the result of his summer ' s study of tho " Incised Stones "