Literature.

also , a pear-shaped figure , a curved line , an angular one , and three strokes . " 10 . September . ( Umu-Eaymi : umu , head . ) In this month took place the enrolling of those liable to be taxed , and the verification of the prior register . It was also called Coya-raymi , for now the coyas , or princesses , and others married . Here are two small spaces , one with two diamond-shaped figures , the other with a diamond , quarter of a moon , and two curved lines .

" 11 . October . ( Aya-marca : aya , a corpse , and marca , to carry in arms . ) Now was celebrated the feast oi the dead . The potters made large vessels for the chica . In each house this beverage was made and drunk at the feasts of the following months . Here is a different sort of face of the sun , and a quarter of the moon . " 12 . November . ( Capac-raymi : capac , rich ; raymi , to dance . ) This space is similar to the first month . Dancing and drinking were carried to great excess . They represented tragedies and comedies composed by the Amautas . The Haravee or poet composed the haravior melodies , andcachuas , songs . "

A few paragraphs further ou he says : — " It has been suggested to me , that what I consider to he a zodiac may be a talisman . The Peruvian Indian had his piripiri or charms , equal to the talisman . They consisted ofthe Bezoar stone ( biliary calculi of the llama family ); yairuvies , or small black and red seeds , worn as preventives against colds and coughs ; loadstone , worn by eithsr sex , to attract lovers and keep off evil-spirits ; there were

charms against wizards , and witches , also against poisons . The idea that this object is a talisman I do not consider of much value , hut rather think that it was attached to the breast of an Inca , or principal priest of the sun , when performing his sacred duties . "

Mr . Bollaert next gives a description of the deposits of guano at the Chincha Islands , which he visited , and which have nourished Peru to such a degree , that she bids lair , within no distant day , to stand not only free from debt , but to relieve her population from taxation . Interesting as are the descriptions here given , and the antiquities found in the district of Tarapaca , we must pass rapidly on to Chile ,

which is described as rich in " silver and copper , " with " some gold , wheat-grain , and timber , " and here too there is an ample field of research for the antiquarian ; as will be seen by the following : —

" Mr . Abbott , of Copiapo , gives me the following account of huacas opened in 1843 : " In consequence of the great'devolopment of mineral wealth iu Copiapo , it was necessary to build houses and amalgamating works , and in doing so , many Indian tombs ofthe Copayapenicas were cut into . These huacas were large and small , built up from the surface like a mound , some twelve feet high and twenty to thirty in length . One examined contained the skeletons of a man and a woman , no

clothing was found , as in the Peruvian mummies ; and the skulls were of good form . " With the skeletons were several pieces of pottery , as large jars for holding water , others for chicha , and others for boiling water in ; also , ornamented vessels for holding and carrying water or chicha , silicious arrow heads , copper pins , upper and lower stones for grinding maize , and maize in earthen pots . " An interesting object was found about 1832 at Copiapoin a

, huaca , by Dr . Adrian Mandiola . It was of fine gold , as thin as paper , in the form of a small coco-nut shell , and open at the top ; when blown into gave a whooping sound ; it bent on being pressed by the hand , but resumed its shape , the presure being removed . This was presented by Mandiola to the National Museum . So much was this gift valued by the government , that he was sent a colonel's commission . "

In Chile Mr . Bollaert examined and reported upon several coal mines which are likely to prove of great benefit to the country . After describing the geography of the country and the ethnology of the people of Chile as he has of other districts , Mr . Bollaert comes to fche consideration of the Pre-Incarial , Incarial , and other monuments of Peruvian nations , observing that in the pages we have already gone

through he has "Brought together particulars concerning the antiquities of New Granada , Quito and Chile . Popayan and Pasto , to the north of Quito , were once well populated lands , but I find little as to the existence of ancient ruins in these districts ; should any he disr covered , they may partake of the Muysca character , or even that of an older period .

'" Generally speaking , the antiquities met with in Peru are assigned to the Ineas ; however , the Conquistadores were told that some ruins were much older than the Incarial times . Then come the pure Inca remains , and , lastly , the contemporaneous . "

For us to attempt to go at any length into these various monuments would be perfectly absurd , but the magnitude and importance of some of them may be gathered from the description of the Temple of Pacha-Camac near Lima , originally built by a coast nation , governed by chiefs called Cuiz or Curys , these conquered by the later Incas , who attached their Sun-worship there . These Curys paid great

devotion to the sea and its produce . " The ruins of the great temple to Pachacamac ( Pacha , the earth ; Caniac , participle of Camani , I create ) and city ofthe Curys-mancus ,. are some seven leagues south of Lima . There are many descriptions of this celebrated locality , but I will only briefly refer to the obsertions in Wilkes' United States Exploring Expedition , to Kivero and Tschudi , and Markham .

According to Wilkes , the temple is on the summit of a hill having three terraces ; some of the walls are of unhewn blocks of rock ; these were cased with adobes or sun-dried bricks , then covered with plaster and painted red . A range of square pilasters projected from the upper wall , evidently belonging to the interior of a large apartment : no traces are found of doors or windows . Some graves were observed south of the temple , but the principal burial ground was between the temple and the town . The skulls were of various characters , the majority presented the vertical or

raised occiput , the usual characteristic of the old Peruvians , while others had the forehead and top of the head depressed- The bodies were wrapped in cloths of various qualities and colours : various utensils and other articles were found which seemed to denote the occupation of the individual , as wooden needles and . weaving utensils , netting , slings , cordage , baskets , fragments of pottery , maize , cotton seeds , wool , gourds , shells , & c . " Bivero and Tschudi give a large drawing of the ruins , and

describe them as much dilapidated . On a conical hill , 458 feet above the sea , are the ruins ofthe Temple of Pachacamac ; at the foot of the hill are the decayed walls of the edifices intended for strangers who came on pilgrimage ; the whole was surrounded by a wall of adobes , nine feet in width . The material of the fabric is not of stone , as in Cuzco , but of sun-dried bricks , easily crumbled . In the most elevated part is the temple , which , when first visited hy the Spaniardsthey found the door to be of goldinlaid with precious

, , stones ; the interior" was obscure ; this being the spot where the priests had their bloody sacrifices before an idol of wood , the worship of which succeeded the pure abstract adoration of the invisible Pachacamac . At present there remain of this temple some niches , which , ascording to Cieza de Leon , contained , representations of wild animals ; fragments of painting of animals are observed on the walls .

" Outside of this edifice there was a temple to the Sun , palace and house of Virgins of the Sun ; monuments erected by the Incas ,. Pachacutec and Yupanqui , after their conquest of this great coast nation . Bums of vast extent still remain , with saloons twenty to twentyfive yards in length , and six to eight in width , of mud walls , forming narrow streets , all indicating that here was once a large population . Two miles off shore , are three barren islands , supposed to have

formed part of the continent , but separated hy the terrible earthquake of 1586 . " Mr . Markham , in his ' Cuzco and Lima , ' speaks of Pachacamac as a city of the dead : the roofs of the habitations are gone aud the dwellings filled with saud . The ruins of the temple consist of three broad terraces , twenty feet high , in parts of which the Vermillion paint , that once coated the whole , is still seen . Above the terraces there is a level platformwhere once a lendid fane arose

, sp in honour of Pachacamac , the creator of the world , the supreme god . The great silent city , which does not contain one solitary inhabitant , is spread out immediately beneath the hill . " Of the Incarial monuments , Mr . Bollaert says : — " Generally speaking , the formation of those wonderful roads in Peru have been awarded to the Incas : still I consider that before their times many were in existence , but were extended by them .

Those travellers who have examined these roads say that , even in the existing state of our knowledge , and with modern instruments of labour , they would be deemed worthy of the most civilised nation . " The Incarial monuments are square , oblong and Cyclopean ; of granite , porphyry and other stone ; at Lunatambo stones of spherical form are seen , but adobes or sun-dried bricks were used in the more rainless portions of the ire . The lintel is sometimes narrower

emp than the threshold , but fche architecture characterised by simplicity , symmetry and solidity . The present houses of Cuzco are built of stone , the lower part being usually constructed of the massive and imposing buildings of the time of the Incas , while the upper , roofed with red tiles , is a modern superstructure . " We must now conclude our observations , which are much