Architecture And Archæology.

there AA'as more intercourse with Normandy , and the large number of castles , which Avere built to keep the Saxon people in subjection , aro all in the Norman style , and far better masonry than had been used before in England , yet for the first ten years these castles seem to have furnished enough work for the Norman masons , and they had not time to "build many churches . It is probablethereforethat the

, , Saxon people continued to build then * churches , ivhere they wanted them , in their own style , only taking such hints as they could from the Norman masons , and improving their own masonry accordingly . But it was not until about twenty years after the Conquest that the Normans began to build many churches . Wo know that the English people long retained their own language and their own customs , and it

is highly probable that they kept up their OAVU fashion of buildings , although for some time after the Conquest . Some of these toAvers exhibit such excellent masonry , that they could hardly have been built before the middle of the llth century ; and their architectural character indicates that several of them were built after the Conquest . The toAvers in the loiver part of the city of Lincoln afford a good

example of this , and agree remarkably with the history of the city . The ori ginal city was Eoman , the walls of ivhich still exist in great part on the top of a steep hill forming the extremity of the hi gh ground overlooking the fen country . The city continued to be thickl y inhabited by the Danes down to the time of the Conquest . The Conqueror took possesion of

onefourth of the city to build his castle , and the first Norman bishop , Eemigius ( or Sfc . Eemi ) , purchased another fourth to build his cathedral upon . The inhabitants were thus driven out of half the city on the hill , ancl , in order to remain as near to their old houses as they could , they drained a part of the fens at tho foot of the hill , and builfc themselves a new town there , connected with the old one by a very steep

street ; and in this toivn they built several churches , the toivers of Avhich remain to our day , and are distinctly of fche so-called Anglo-Saxon type , * but of a later character than most of the others .

Of the Avork of Edivard the Confessor afc Westminster we have none of the church remaining , but we have the substructure of the dormitory , and the Avails of the dormitory itself ; the latter is so much altered and patched that only one of the original icindows remains , which is plain Early Norman , with shafts in the jambs . We have also a considerable parfc of the walls of the great refectory ,

and other domestic buildings . The vaulted substructure of the dormitory is very curious and interesting . The vaults are groined without ribs , carried on round arches square in section , as is usual in all Early Norman vaults ; the material of which it is constructed is chiefly tufa , ivhich , from its porous , volcanic nature , combines lightness with strength in a remarkable degree , and is frequently used in

early vaulting . These vaults are supported by a row of short pillars doivn the centre , Avhich are precisely of the same diameter as they are hi gh , about 3 ft . We must bear in mind thafc such proportions as these are the beginning of the Norman style in England , and as Ave adA'ance ive shall find the proportions become gradualllighter . Tho capitals of each of

y these pillars have an abacus of remarkable thickness , and the capital itself is as remarkably short in its proportions ; those which arc in their ori ginal state consists of merely a square stone , ivifch the angles rounded off , and scarcely any thicker than the abacus . But the greater parfc of these capitals had been carved by tho monks at a later Norman period , being just afc a convenient height for a man to stand ancl

amuse himself AA'ith carving . This fact is proved b y different sides of the same capital being of different patterns , and parts of the same capital left in their original state , ivhich as further accounted for by two sides of'the capital having been in different apartments , for these vaulted substructures were always divided into a number of small store-rooms or

cellars , as they evidently were at Westminster ; and in this instance the partitions remain for the most parfc in fcheir original situations , though some have been altered . Similar substructures remain in many of our ancient monasteries , though none are of so early a character as this at Westminster ; and the partitions have commonly been cleared away by ignorant persons , thinking to make a great

improvement , the space thus thrown , open being called the ambulatory—a modern name for a modern idea . The old monks required no other ambulatory but the cloisters . In the substructure at Westminster there is an original doorway ofthe same plain early character as the rest . This is at the extreme south end , and appears to have opened into some of the offices beyondas ifc is not an external

, doorway ; and the external wall of the room into ivhich ifc opened remains , with a small loop windoiv in ifc , Avith long and short work in the jambs . The head of the early windows is cut off by a plain barrel-shaped vault of Norman character . This vaulted cellar is about 50 ft . long , and seems to have been an enlargement of the confession buildings , afc the extreme south end .

It should be mentioned that the dormitory joined on at its north end to the south transept of the church , and there was a passage and staircase from ifc into the church , for the monks to descend for the night services . A part of tho substructure , near the transept , is the celebrated chapel of the pix , formerly the royal treasury ; and although it now contains only empty chests , the old formalities respecting ifc

are si-ill kept up . Ifc can only be opened in the presence of a representative of the Treasury and another of the Exchequer . The portions ivhich remain of the walls of the great refectory are extremely interesting . The AA'hole of the north Avail remains up fco the roof , or nearly so , though much altered in appearance by the insertion of a large window

by Abbot Littiiigton afc the eud of the 14 th century . The lower part of the Avails at the easfc and AA * est ends , and a portion of the south side , also remain . This great Norman hall or refectory ivas ornamented round the loiver parfc of the walls by an arcade , ivhich still exists ( although blocked up wifch rubble stone-work ) . We have no evidence that Edivard the Confessor built

more than tho choir of the church , AA'hich Avas consecrated the day before he died . The nave or vestibule , as it was called , was clearly not then builfc , and ifc is quite possible that the monks who had to perform the service in the new church were afc first accommodated in temporary wooden

buildings , as was very commonly tho case ; but the permanent domestic buildings Avould be proceeded Avith before the nave , as more necessary , and these buildings can hardly be more than tiventy years later than the death of the king . Their stylo and character is very Early Norman ; the capital are all of the simple kind , called the cushion capital , merely a cube ivith the corners rounded off , ivhich is generally

tho earliest kind of capital . The scolloped capital did not come in until near tho end of this century . Whether the English copied their style from any foreign country , and if so , from which , or only copied their own wooden buildings , is an interesting question not easily decided . I have myself searched diligently in many parts of Europe , andhave made inquiries among tho best informed

persons for any buildings corresponding with them , but in vain . With a few rare exceptions of a partial resemblance , I think wc may conclude that tho buildings of this class are peculiar to England , and my own opinion is that they are mainly copied from timber buildings . Still wo knoiv that the archbishops of the Anglo-Saxon Church had to go to Eome for their palls , and as such ivas accompanied by a

numerous retinue , and tho journey occupied some months , they had every opportunity of seeing Avhafc was going on in other countries , and were ready enough to bring home anything neiv which they thought likely to bo useful . ( To be continued . )

Mr . Macdowell , K . A ., is busy with the statue of the late J " . M . "SY . Turner , U . K ., ivhich is to bo placed in Sfc . Paul's Cathedral . He is appropriately represented holding a palette in his hand . The painter himself left £ 1000 for this statue .