Physical Astronomy; Or, New Theories Or The Universe.

most remote primary planet , I consider , was first projected when the projectile force of the sun was greatest—the lig hter matter , or that of the least specific gravity , as a rule , being thrown off first , and each in succession , inwards to Mercury , which is

composed of matter of the greatest density . In like manner , as were the primary planets ejected from the equator of the sun , so I believe were the satellites projected from the equator of their primaries . And , in reference to the satellites of Saturn , I have the fullest conviction that , hereafter , it will bo discovered that one or more of these satellites will

be found to have a tertiary , or , more properly speaking , a quaternary planet revolving around them . My reason for this supposition is this : that the less the specific gravity of the planet , the greater the number of satellites as a rule . And the matter of which Saturn , its rings , and its

satellites , are composed , being so exceedingly fluid , when projected from the sun , its centrifugal force threw off for a time so continuous a stream of matter , that rings Avere formed such as we find , ( one or more of which is discovered to be transparent ) , in addition to

the masses previously projected at intervals , whicli constitute the moons of Saturn . Again : the earth having a satellite , * and its mass , when projected , being less fluid than Mars , and yet capable of projecting- her moon , I feel confident that such an

appendage will also be found to Mars : in fact I should not be surprised if Venus and Mercury completed tho uniformity , throughout our system , of primaries and satellites , although their satellites would be very small . "

There is something to my mind , especially attractive in the foregoing explanations of tho mechanism of the heavens ; and when tracing out the same theory to a under limit as I propose to do in my next , we find it a pretty well ascertained fact that our solar system is but a subordinate to other systems ,

which are in themselves subservient to ever greater and grander celestial organizations , we may well wonder at tho incomprehensible idea , and feel astonished at the simplicity of the principle from which wc start in contemplation of it from the atom , which

we can readily comprehend , to the illimitable aggregate which we cannot . ( To be continued . )

ENMITT . —How frequently it is that the most unreasonable and unreconciled enemy that you may have is the one who feels and knows that he has wronged you . And more especially his enmity and hatred will become intensified when he knows that you know his meanness . And a more unhappy man thau such au enemy can not be found .

English Gilds *

ENGLISH GILDS *

( Continued from page 229 . ) The fifth division of Dr . Brentano ' s introduction treats of the origin of Trade Unions , which he says are the successors of the old Gilds . With this assertion he concluded the foregoing part of this

Essay . He goes on to say it is far from being a new statement . On the contrary , friends and enemies of these associations have repeatedly , in words and print , pointed at their connection with the old Gilds , the former to justify , by this pedigree , their

existence , the latter to condemn thorn at once by describing them as continuations of institutions considered for long , and generally , at best as antiquated . Their enemies , by the dodge of applying to them the ep ithet of "long-condemned associations for the

restriction of trade , " generally dispensed with all further inquiries into the real results of their working . Considering only the rules and restrictions prevailing in the old Graft-Gilds , and comparing them

with the regulations which our modern Trade Associations , existing only among workmen , try to enforce , one mig ht feel inclined to accept this opinion at once . But the fact is , that in no one single instance did such a withdrawing of the

masters from the Craft-Gild , leaving it to the workmen alone , ever take place . On the contrary , I think it more probable that the masters generally remained in the corporation , to prevent its bye-laws being enforced against them , and to annihilate its influence .

Our inquiry makes its necessary that we should first of all represent to ourselves the regulations of the Statute of Apprentices , the 5 th Elizabeth , c . 4 , which codified the order existing for centuries among the Craft-Guilds , and applied it to all the trades of

its time . There were indeed combinations and associations similar to Trade Societies alread y before 1562 . But , as I have shown in Part IV ., they were but exceptions , occurring chiefly in the buildingtrades . And the very fact of their occurring in the

building trades in the Middle Ages is another proof of the justness of the theory which I am going to put forward in these pages ; for these trades resembled entirely our modern manufactures , with their small number of masters and their masses of workmen , with sub-contractors and deductions from

wages . And as to the 2 nd and 3 rd Edward VI ., c . 15 , it has been shown above that this statue refers not to associations of journoymen like our Trade Societies , but to abuses of craftsmen in general .