Classical Theology.—Xlix.

the Deity ; whereas Aristotle ascribed materiality to the mind in organization with the brain ; and thus , dialectically and analytically contended that intelligence was only the emanation of natural observations and practical demonstrations .

Balfour informs us , in his Asiatic Researches , that the logical system of Aristotle acquired extraordinary ascendancy not only in Europe , but in Asia , and passed into the languages of Arabia and Persia . During the middle ages in particular , and long afterwards according to Bayle , the opinions of'the Stagyrite obtained immense

influence in Europe ; and were cited as authority from which there was no appeal , with the exception of the Scriptures . On Sundays in some places in Germany , the ethics of Aristotle ( to the setting aside of the Gospels ) were read in the Churches . Certain apparent assimilations between the theological pz-opositions of

Aristotle , and the theoretical tenets of the unrevised Eoman Catholic divinity , mainly tended to establish his philosophy and authenticity . These , consequently , by the early Beformers , were zealously attacked , and at length , in the eighteenth century , were consigned to general neglect , and virulent , but assuredly undeserved

scorn . Luther himself , with all his clear intelligence and strength of mind suffered himself to be overcome hy prejudice in this matter , ancl in his famous controversy at Heidelberg , in 1518 , went so far as to state , " Qui in Aristoteles vult philosophari prius oportet in Christo stultificari ,- " " He who wishes to philosophise in Aristotle , must be first stultified in Christ . "

As the ontology of Plato was evidentl y derived from the pastophorology of his great predecessor Pythagoras , ( whose disciples long after obtained the appellation of the "Neo-Platonists" ) , we mil enter here upon some commentary concerning the founder of the Pythagorean philosophy . Aristotle ( Metaph , i , 5 ) , Cicero ( Be Nat . jDeorum i . ll ) , and Diogenes Laertiusare our authorities

, for saying that Pythagoras was connected with many of the most eminent and influential families of Samos , in which island he was born , about five hundred ancl seventy years before Christ . His father , Mnesarchus , is supposed to have been a native of Lemnos , or of Imbrius , then famous for its brass , and the mysterious

worship of the six Phoenician deities , known as Cabiri . Perhaps at Cyros , Pythagoras became a disci ple of Pherecydes , but he is said to have become personally acquainted with all the conspicuous philosophers of his time . He made poetry , rhetoric , aud the harmony of sounds his study ; he applied himself to the more mechanical arts and sciences , and sought to investigate tlie

secrets of tne starry heavens , and the deeper mysteries of latent knowledge . For this purpose he departed for Egypt , travelled into Asia , aud even visited India . In Egypt and Chaldea he ingratiated himself into tlie confidence of the priests and Magi ; and was instructed by them in the astrotheologieal symbolism , their policy of governmentthen * sacred loreand the awful liances

, , app by which they are said to have swayed the government of kings and the opinions and judgments of their subjects . In India he gained the friendly intimacy and communion of the Brachmans , or Gymnosophists , out of whose physiological doctrine , he constructed his thesis of metempsychosis . Pythagoras on his return to Samos , did not

settle there . In detestation of the tyranny of Polyprates , who was at last crucified by Oroetes " the Persian , the philosopher withdrew to Croton , a city in southern Ital y , so salubrious as to have occasioned ' the proverb , Crotone salubrius . Here he established his renowned order of mystical philosophy , the Metapontum , or Pythagorean Societ y , from whose princi ples arose what

Classical Theology.—Xlix.

is now termed the Italian Sect , of which he was the chief , or as it were the arch-priest . This religious order or brotherhood was as powerfully political as it was searchingly philosophical . The most estimable men of character and understanding were only eligible to enter amongst these brethren ; and to render them worthy ofthe

elevated position they occupied—which comprehended the highest objects that engage the human mind and heart—the utmost care was anxiously bestowed upon their instruction . It was intended by this means that their social progress should qualify their souls to fraternise with the highest order of immortal beings . We shall endeavour to test the consistency of the Pythagorean doctrine of spirituality , in our future chapters .

Architecture And Archæology.

ARCHITECTURE AND ARCH ? OLOGY .

ADDITIONS TO ST . BARTHOLOMEW'S HOSPITAL . There is no feature of our social life which makes so deep an impression on foreign visitors as the number and extent of our institutions , unconnected with and unassisted by the Govei-nment , for the relief of the sick poor . In every district of London there is a hospital or dispensary of some

kind , "supported by voluntary contributions . " Increased population necessitates increased accommodation , but it is consolatory to find that the swollen number of applicants for assistance is balanced in fair proportion by a lengthened list of benefactors . Supply ancl demand seem to keep step together . St . Bartholomew's , the most ancient , as it is and has ever been the most extensive in its usefulness of our

London hospitals , has now still further enlarged its field of operation by the erection of a new wing devoted to casualty patients , at the north-west angle of the buildings , contiguous to the neglected entrance of the Priory with , which in former times the hospital was connected . Nothing remains now of the hospital buildings of Rahere—the " mau sprung and born from low kynage "—but the sapling which he

planted in the " marsh dunge and fenny" of Smithfield , occupied in its only dry part by the common gallows , has grown and been grafted until it now shows itself a goodly and fruitful tree , affording shelter ancl dispensing blessings annually to thousands . The glorious old monk , who fulfilled his vow to bis visionary visitor , Bartholomew , on the site selected by " the common favour of the celestial Court ancl Council , " is the one prominent man in its history .

llenry Vlll . refounded it m 1546 , for the reception of 100 patients . There were then three surgeons , with salaries of £ 18 each , and 2 d . a day was the cost of each patients diet . There are now some fifteen or twenty of the most eminent physicians and surgeons in London attached to St . Bartholomew ' s ; the number of indoor patients is between 6000 and 7000 a year , and the annual income—which , at the time

of the Dissolution of the Monasteries , was £ 371- —has risen now to nearly £ 40 , 000 , raised by voluntary contributions . The additions now in progress form a continuation of the rusticated blank arcade facing Smithfield . The tailor ' s shop at the corner of little Britain has been demolished as well as an adjoining house in the latter thoroughfare , and the space they coveredtogether with that ied by the old

, occup casualty room , is devoted to the new buildings . The new waiting room is a spacious apartment 95 ft . long by 3 Sffc . wide , and 22 ft . high to the level of the tie rods . A dwarf partitition runs from between the two entrance doors across the room to the nurses' and medicine-room , which is about 14 ft . square , with a bay window projecting forwards into the large waiting-room , whence all the patients can be

supplied . The space to the west of this partition is appropriated to female applicants , that to the east to male patients . Another dwarf partition is constructed throughout the entire length to the centre of the waiting-room , to separate the medical from the surgical cases . On either side of the entrance porch with doors from the main apartment , there are new surgeon's rooms , waterclosets , and a staircase to